By creating a cut out of an object that is to project the shadow, you can duplicate the layer and use the transform > distort effect to create the right perspective for the shadow before moving the layer behind the original object and darkening and reducing the opacity of the layer.
This video shows how to create hair in Photoshop from scratch with the paintbrush and smudge tools only. To recreate this technique, I have found it best to use brushes in various sizes with a soft edge and the opacity at 100% but with the flow taken down to about 70%. After creating the initial lines use the smudge tool, and use a dry brush with many points at around an 80% strength. This will mix the colours together in the main section of hair and create the look of seperate strands on the end of the hair. Repeat this over to build up the effect.
A really useful video which shows you how to add texture to your digital paintings by adding abstract imagery. The imagery that you add, does not need to be an actual real life image of the effect you are trying to create. This example shows how an image of flooring can be used to create an uneven rough effect on clothing. Using layer masks to create this effect means that this is a non-destructive process, allowing you to go back and edit the image at any time.
This tutorial shows you the many effects that you can achieve when using layer styles. You don’t have to stick to using layer styles on text; double clicking on any layer in the layers pallette will open the layer effects options.
Use the pen tool before filling the area with colour. Repeat contract to fill the area with alternate colours before using the glass filter, layer effects and blur tool to smooth the edges.
This video uses the example of the logo from the Cloverfield movie to create a blurred logo. You could also use this effect on other items to create the effect of something being highlighted in the dark; whites of eyes, road signs etc.
If you want to try and create something like this, I would recommend having the picture you are copying as the bottom layer with the transparency taken down, so that you can use that as a base guide for the initial shapes. Use vector shapes with a layer effect > stroke on it to create the ovals and merge or rasterize the layers to edit the lines. The ovals are distorted by choosing Edit > Transform Path > Warp.